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Geology: Coal is found below the surface of WV in layers or 1.
strata . Layers of coal are also
refereed to as 2. seams .
Seams may be inches to several feet thick. Seam thickness and position relative to the
surface determine how the coal will be mined.
The seams of coal were once dead plants in vast swamps. Low oxygen caused the plant material to turn
to 3.peat. Time, heat,
and pressure turned the peat into 4. lignite. From which coal was
formed.
History:
Ancient man used “the burning rock”
coal near the surface for many activities.
To mine coal on a vast scale, businessmen developed machines and
procedures to accomplish the task. This 5.mechanization
led to the modern machines used today to mine coal. Coal near the surface is mined by a method
called 6. surface mining where the soil and top layers of rock
are removed to expose the coal seam from the surface. Giant machines scoop up the coal. Today the site is reclaimed making the land
useful rather than leaving it as barren moonscape. Seamed deeper in the earth are mined by 7.
shaft mining . Shafts from the
surface allow men and equipment access to the coal. Once there,miners practice 8. room and
pillar mining . The room is the
area left hollow by the mined coal the pillar is left to hold up the earth
above the room. Nature will not leave an
empty space, so open areas under ground either cave in or fill with water. Mining is extremely dangerous.
Culture and immigration:
Because
coal was found in remote areas of WV, the coal company not only built the mine
but also many times built a 9. company town which provided the miner and his family
everything necessary for life. Many
companies even had their own company money with which they paid their
workers. It was called 10. scrip and could only be used at the coal company
store. Because there was not enough
native labor, coal companies ofter recruited 11. immigrants from
the major port cities of the east coast to come and work in these towns. Often, company stores charged very high
prices because the miners could spend their scrip nowhere else. This along with dangerous working conditions
and long hours (miners worked 6 or 7 days a week for 12 hours each day) led
some miners to form unions and go on strike.
But because the company owned your house, often they would send mine
guards to pile the miner's stuff in the road and 12. evict the
family. They had nowhere else to go.
Management vs. Labor:
Another
problem miners faced because the got paid for the weight of a loaded coal car,
was 13. cribbing . The
coal company scales would be rigged to underweight the car thus cheating the
miner out of money. These conditions
caused miners to form 14. labor unions and to go on 15.
strike to try to make their situation livable. The companies fought unions and strikes
vigorously using law enforcement and 16. mine guards to fight the miners. An example would be the 1902 attack on miners
at Stanoford Mountain in Fayette County.
U.S. Marshalls and Mine guards killed 12 strikers miners in the middle
of the night. This violated the miners
constitutionally guaranteed rights, but happened anyway.
Directions: Describe a method of study you will use
for Friday's test below.
Study this week.
Test Friday: Prediction: how many will you miss on the test_________
Actual
grade on the test__________
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